Since the launch of Ethereum 2.0 beacon chain on December 1, 2020, more than 120000 verifiers have participated in the pledge of Ethereum 2.0, and obtained about 7.8% annual income while maintaining the safe and stable operation of beacon chain.
If users want to participate in the pledge in the current phase (phase 0) of Ethereum 2.0, the common schemes in the market mainly include the following types:Self built node: users run eth1 and eth2 clients and maintain nodes by themselves;
Full custody: transfer eth to a trusted custody service provider for centralized custody, allowing users to participate in pledge in a small amount (less than 32 ETH);
Escrow based pledge pool: provide pledge pool tokens based on the fully escrow scheme to solve the liquidity problem of eth long-term locking;
Unmanaged cloud service: users retain the control of eth assets and pledge proceeds, and jointly manage the authentication node with the service provider through two keys.
Self built node scheme
The "self built node" scheme requires at least 32 Eth and the technical ability, energy and experience of the operation and maintenance verification node. Users independently manage the pledged funds and obtain the pledge income through continuous operation and maintenance.
Its advantage is that users have complete control over self built nodes, and there is no centralized risk of centralized hosting. However, it has high requirements for capital and professionalism, and it is difficult for ordinary users to participate.
In February this year, the American stacking service provider stacked had two large-scale node slashed incidents in a row, and nearly 100 verifier nodes were punished. These events made the public realize the high requirements of self built nodes for technology.
The "self built node" scheme belongs to a relatively small number of geek schemes, but such schemes meet eth2's expectations for the decentralization of verifiers to the greatest extent.
The official guidelines for self built nodes can be found in:
https://launchpad.ethereum.org
Fully managed solution
As the name suggests, in the "fully managed" scheme, users only need to transfer the ETH participating in the pledge to the custodian, which will manage and operate the Ethereum 2.0 verifier node 100% for users, and draw profits from the pledge income.
Users who choose such schemes do not need to worry about the operation and maintenance of the verification node, and the hosting institution will handle all node affairs. However, during the pledge period, the user no longer has the control over the assets. Due to the centralized custody of assets, once they are attacked, the user's assets will face great risks. At the same time, the user cannot know whether the online rate of the verifier of the custody institution is stable, whether the income level is reasonable, whether there is punishment and other details. Even users do not know whether the assets under custody are used for pledge. Therefore, for the "full custody" scheme, the credit and brand of the custodian institution are very important.
The "full custody" scheme is mainly provided by institutions with asset custody services, such as binance, coinbase, Kraken and other exchanges, as well as eth2 pledge services provided by some custody / centralized wallets. One notable feature of this kind of service is that it supports small amount (less than 32 ETH) pledge, because the custodian institution can help small amount pledgers "scrape together" 32 eth to participate in eth2 pledge.
Pledge pool scheme based on trust
Compared with the fully escrow scheme, the escrow based "pledge pool" scheme not only supports small amount (less than 32 ETH) pledge, but also solves the liquidity problem caused by the long-term lock of the pledge. The solution is to issue the pledge pool token to the pledgor as the pledge certificate at the same time of pledge. This kind of voucher generally exists in the form of erc20 token on eth1 (i.e. the current Ethereum network). Because it represents the principal and income of users participating in the pledge, its value is similar to eth on eth1 and can be freely circulated and traded on the blockchain / trading market.
At present, the common eth2 pledge pool tokens are:
Beth - launched by eth2 pledge service provided by currency security exchange
Seth - launched by Lido network
Aeth - launched by ankr
Veth - launched by Bifrost
The advantage of the escrow based "pledge pool" scheme is that the user has simple operation and does not need to worry about the operation and maintenance of the verification node. The service provider will handle all node affairs. At the same time, the capital threshold is very low, allowing small amount (less than 32 ETH) to participate, and solving the liquidity problem of eth's long-term lock-in.
However, it must be pointed out that although some "pledge pool" schemes apply multi sign, smart contract and other technologies to try to manage assets in a decentralized way, they are still fully managed assets in essence. The asset security risks brought by asset custody have to be considered. At the same time, there are also assets, assets and Revenue transparency and centralization risk.
In addition, the pledge pool token, which is committed to solving the liquidity problem, also brings new problems and risks. For example, the working mechanism of pledge pool tokens is different, which leads to users' understanding of high cost and token discount; The emergence of pledge pool tokens not only further the composability of defi, but also increases the potential risk.
Unmanaged scheme
"Unmanaged" scheme is a scheme type that allows users to maintain self-sustaining assets while participating in eth2 pledge. Compared with the self built node scheme, the "unmanaged" scheme helps users solve the problems of operation and maintenance nodes by introducing a third-party node service provider, while the control and ownership of assets are still in the hands of users.
Each verification node in eth2 pledge service corresponds to two keys, one is the verifier key, which is used to verify the block, and the other is the withdrawal key, which is used to retrieve the pledge eth principal and income.
Different from the above schemes, the "unmanaged" scheme allows the separate custody of the verifier's key and the withdrawal key. The withdrawal key is managed by the user in the decentralized wallet, and the verifier key is imported into the node client by the third-party node service provider for node verification and maintenance. This is also the biggest advantage of the "unmanaged" scheme:
The control and ownership of assets are owned by the user, and the service provider cannot control the principal and income of the user
The pledged funds fully correspond to the verification nodes on the eth2 chain, the node status is transparent and visible, and the online rate and income level can be tracked in real time
At the same time, due to the user's own control of assets, the risk brought by the third-party service provider is limited, that is, the potential maximum loss comes from the offline penalty and slashed penalty that the service provider may suffer when maintaining the node. After eth2 and eth1 merge or support the transaction function, users can retrieve the pledged eth principal and income at any time.
Although the "unmanaged" scheme is not a completely decentralized pledge method, nor does it allow users to participate in a small amount, unlike the "pledge pool" scheme, the "unmanaged" scheme not only ensures the ownership and control of users' assets to the greatest extent, but also allows users not to worry about verifying the operation and maintenance services of nodes, and the operation level of nodes is clear and verifiable, It is suitable for large asset holders with high security requirements to participate in eth2 and obtain stable income.
At present, the common pledge service providers supporting "unmanaged" schemes are infstones and stacked Us et al.
summary
If you want to participate in eth2 pledge, you can make appropriate choices according to the following conditions:
If your assets are less than 32 eth, it is recommended to choose the "pledge pool" scheme. It is recommended to select a trusted pledge pool according to the service provider's brand, pledge pool token and eth discount;
If your assets exceed 32 Eth and you have excellent technical strength and node operation and maintenance experience, it is recommended to choose the "self built node" scheme;
If your assets exceed 32 eth, but you are unwilling to pay too much operation and maintenance energy, and have high requirements for asset security and node performance, it is recommended to choose the "unmanaged" scheme.
At present, Ethereum 2.0 is still in its early stage, and the growth potential of eth2 pledge market is huge. In the current phase 0 stage, various pledge schemes meet the demands of different customer groups. When choosing a pledge scheme, you need to choose a suitable pledge scheme according to the amount of pledged funds and the security of the scheme.
————————————————
Copyright notice: This article is the original article of CSDN blogger "imtoken digital wallet", which follows the CC 4.0 by-sa copyright agreement. Please attach the original source link and this notice for reprint.
Original link: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_45071350/article/details/116177742
